Database Management System And Growth Of Internet

Database Management System and the growth of Internet I. Executive Summary A. Database management system B. Growth of Internet II. Background A. Database 1. History 2. Creation of database 3. Development 4. Today’s market place B. Internet 1. History 2. Growth of Internet 3. Market position 4. Customers C. Situations 1. Cost Structure 2. Development III. Problems A. Causes B. Nature C. Consequences IV. Solution A. Demand B. Innovation V. Conclusion Database Management system and Growth of Internet Case study Exclusive Summary The terms data and Internet are connected with one device and its call â€Å"Computer†. Now a day’s people are taking more interest regarding data and related terms. In general database means a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be managed, access and update. In General, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and pictures. Whereas, Internet play an important role in today’s world. The meaning of INTERNET means an electronic communications network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world. Internet is connected with two different part called intra and net. Moreover, it includes business, instructive, administrative, and other networks, all of which utilize the same arrangement of interchanges conventions. Background A. Database Databases are also called as authoritative methodology. The most predominantShow MoreRelatedDatabase Management Systems and the Growth of the Internet Essay examples1971 Words   |  8 Pagesindeed, the entire capability of the internet as most people know it. Many events have contributed to this change, but none so much as the processing method known as Database Management Systems (DBMS). From its birth in the last century, the way computers process information has grown and expanded to a point that would have been hard to imagine for the early programmers. This growth actually spurred on the growth of the telecommunications industry. Carrier systems have grown with the advancing marchRead MoreIntrusion Detection System And Prevention System Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesIntrusion Detection System and Prevention System in Cloud Computing Using Snort I. INTRODUCTION Attacks on the nation’s computer infrastructures are becoming an increasingly serious Problem. Even though the problem is ubiquitous, government agencies are particularly appealing targets and they tend to be more willing to reveal such events than commercial Organizations. This is demonstrated by the cases cited below. While statistics on the growth of attacks provide a more solid basis for justifyingRead MoreBlack Gram Cultivation Using Internet Of Things1639 Words   |  7 PagesBlack gram Cultivation using Internet of Things (IOT) K. Upendra1, B. Adinarayanareddy2, Y. Vasanthi3 Asst.Prof1, KKR KSR Institute of Technology and sciences, Guntur, AP, India. Asst.Prof2, KKR KSR Institute of Technology and sciences, Guntur, AP, India. Asst.Prof3, KKR KSR Institute of Technology and sciences, Guntur, AP, India. Abstract: Black gram is one the good pulses used daily in homes for breakfast in India. In this article we are going to use IOT technology for the cultivation of blackRead MoreDescriptive Analysis On How To Link Two Enterprises Through Information Technology808 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology in order to obtain synergy in operating systems through networking and database management. The main goal of the paper is to determine the types of computer hardware, software and database management systems that will effectively achieve the business objective, link operations and provide networking platform for better management and control of inventory. A brief on the specific types of hardware, software, network set ups and database management systems has been highlighted. The report providesRead MoreThe Evolution Of Database Management System1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe Evolution of DBMS A database management system, also known as DBMS, is a type of software that is used in order to create and manage a multitude of databases. Data is the power that runs most modern businesses. This specific program provides a technique for people to use a â€Å"systematic† way to create, retrieve, update, and manage many diverse types of data. DBMS is used to manage three important things, which is data, database engine, and database schema. These different elements help to provideRead MoreResearch Challenges Within Database Management1644 Words   |  7 Pages Research Challenges in database management in Cloud Prof.Niraja Jain Prof.(Dr).Sarang Joshi University of Pune University of Pune Information Tech. Dept Computer Engineering Dept. AGAwate COEH, Pune PICT , Pune Read MoreWhat Are The Security Challenges In Distributed Database839 Words   |  4 PagesDistributed Databases Koushik Kashojjula Graduate Student College of Computing and Informatics University of North Carolina at Charlotte Email: kkashojj@uncc.edu Abstract - The rapid growth of information processing industries led to the development of distributed database systems. In such systems data is stored in several locations which are interconnected. The data on several computers can be accessed and modified simultaneously using a network. Local DBMS controls every database server in theRead MoreDoes Outsourcing Data Uphold The Enterprise?1469 Words   |  6 PagesIn a world of increasing automation, companies and organizations with massive amounts of data to manage often find themselves outsourcing their databases. This particular arrangement depends on many factors, such as trustworthiness and reputation. Each business requires different coverage from the outsource provider as well as different costs requirements. Many providers offer cloud based services, in house managed services, near and offshore and outcome-based consulting. Many companies do not haveRead MoreThe Proliferation and Advances of Computer Networks1317 Words   |à ‚  5 Pages Introduction The Proliferation and advances in computer network have led to increase Distributed database system In Distributed Database Different user are connected for accessing the data. In distributed database the data from the single local computer can be transferred or distributed on various computer connected at the same physical location. The Data from the database can be distributed to the multiple physical loacation. It is a powerful technology with great potential toRead MoreProject Plan Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pagesare many opportunities that are forecasted for the growth and success of the company. Currently, the company houses a smaller scale limited information technology infrastructure that has been successfully maintaining the companies technology base. The goals for the company are to expand from one floor to three floors tripling in size. The company has had a significant amount of success and is foreseen to continually grow. Nonetheless, with growth comes redesig ning the company to better fit its needs

Subject of Research Medical Ethics and Christianity

Subject of Research: Medical Ethics and Christianity Medical ethics is an arrangement of moral principles that relates to values and judgments through the practice of medicine. When it comes to medical ethics, Christianity plays a very big role in this moral belief just as any other religion does. In our daily practice of medicine, the seven principles of medical ethics is a vital part in life-and-death decisions, and it is always up-to-date on human life issues. The one that I mainly wanted to focus on was justice, which is the sixth principle of medical ethics. When it comes to justice from a Christian’s point of view it means respecting the human rights and self-respect of all human being. â€Å"The real purpose of civil law is to guarantee an ordered social coexistence in true justice, so that all may lead a quiet and peaceable life, godly and respectful in every way† (First Timothy 2:2). The doctor’s obligation is to be unbiased with his patient, respect his/her moralities as an individual, and give the patien t suitable access to health care. Biblical justice involves making people, societies, and the universe complete, by safeguarding both goodness and fairness. According to James, biblical justice stands at the middle of true religion. He also stated that â€Å"the kind of religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world (James 1:27). I chose this verseShow MoreRelatedChristianity Report1518 Words   |  7 PagesStudies of Religion-Christianity Origins and Principal beliefs of Christianity Christianity originated in the city of Jerusalem as a monotheistic religion which rooted from Judaism in the 1st century. Jesus of Nazareth, first recognized as a Messiah, is now known as the Son of God to Christians, is accepted as the founder of Christianity. Jesus, given that he sought only to renew Judaism, did not intend to find a new religion. To some people, Jesus is recognized as a normal human being who feltRead MoreDescribe In the United States today, the issue of life and death always tends to be one of the most1500 Words   |  6 Pagesseveral ethical problems that arise. The main proponents against PAS are found in medical ethics and religious ethics. As in most professions, there are doctrines that people must abide. For physicians, the Hippocratic Oath is the medical doctrine that states that they must â€Å"do no harm†. Aiding in the killing of a person is taking away their future, which is the ultimate harm. In addition to medical ethics, religious ethics plays a large role in the opposition of legalizing PAS since three of the mostRead MoreEssay on FGM: Female Genital Mutilation Must be Outlawed Worldwide1456 Words   |  6 PagesFemale Genital Mutilation, shortened to FGM in most medical texts, is â€Å"collective name given to several different traditional practices that involve the cutting of female genitals.† FGM is a common cultural practice in many parts of the world, espe cially Africa and Asia that was established hundreds of years ago. There are many different types of FGM, ranging from clitoridectomy, to cutting and infibulations (Skaine 7). Even though these procedures are accepted in the areas they are practiced, FGMRead MoreScientists have developed various medicines and cured diseases by conducting biomedical research2000 Words   |  8 Pagesdiseases by conducting biomedical research over the years. Animal research is one of the most common types of study in biomedical research. Statistics show that about 3.5 millions animals were used in biomedical research in the United Kingdom in 2009 (Festing 2010). Moreover, knowledge about the human heart and lungs has come from studies with dogs, and knowledge about the human immune system has been derived from mice (Gluck, Dipasquale, and Orlans 2002). Animal research helps to produce many vaccinesRead MoreEthical Implications in the Fields of Science and Arts Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesthat mig ht interfere with the production of knowledge in the field of natural sciences and arts. Ethics is defined as the moral principles that govern a person’s or group’s behaviors and actions towards a certain subject. Ethical implications are the problems that a certain action would have on ethics. This particular essay title tackles the areas of knowledge of natural sciences and arts and ethics. Many knowledge issues can be associated with this topic such as â€Å"To what extent do ethical judgmentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Administering Advantages Of Medications1682 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant to keep in mind when discussing diverse medications and their routes of administrations there are several methods used. However, there is a significant amount of important information to educate humanity. Meanwhile, to educate human with medical awareness, it is equally important to acknowledge the decrease in effective values while administering the medication. Comparatively, d uring the experimentation of the exposed cattle reported a continuation of decrease of efficacy when given medicationRead MoreProtecting the Welfare of Nonhuman Animals1606 Words   |  7 Pageshave an interest is sufficient grounds to claim that a being has an interest, and each interest should be considered equally. It is for this reason that Singer’s approach differs from Regan’s. Regan argued that humans and nonhuman animals are ‘subjects of a life’ and as a result of this, it is the ‘inherent value of animals that matters’. Advocating a ‘respect principle’ where rights are conferred to all who possess consciousness, namely ‘mammals aged one year or more’ on the basis that they haveRead MoreA Report on Anti-Abortion1466 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinition, is the early termination of a pregnancy through medical intervention. Opponents of abortion and supporters both have strong reasons for their perspectives and neither side is usually willing to accept the arguments of their opposition. Just as the Pro-Choice activists will site a variety of evidence types to support their position on the debate, so too Pro-Life activists wholeheartedly believe that their perspective on the subject is correct. In the United States, abortion is l egal up untilRead MoreEssay about Sexual Orientation1077 Words   |  5 Pagespeople refer to the Bible for an answer. There is even more controversy within the Bible’s text. Not only is there reference to the Bible, but also to our mind to answer whether or not homosexuality is a moral issue. Psychological and Biological research is searching for an answer to this illustrious area of confusion. According to Shakuntala Delvi, â€Å"a homosexual experience is any physical arousal a person feels in response to someone of his or her own sex. This can range from just thinking aboutRead MoreHistorical Overview of Homosexuality2431 Words   |  10 Pagesto understand that the genuine homosexual condition or inversion, as it is often termed. This condition is something for which the subject is in no way responsible. Some literature suggests that homosexuality in itself it is morally neutral. Like the condition of heterosexuality, however, it tends to find expression in specific sexual acts; and such acts are subject to moral judgment (McNeill, 1966). A major premise established in contemporary literature is the concept that sexual orientation

Entrepreneurship Inherent Skills

Question: Mrs Gooch has inherent skills on entrepreneurship. When was it realised? Explain. Answer: Mrs Gooch has inherent skills on entrepreneurship but this was realised when she suffered from the external sources of harmful chemicals. After she has realised that she was allergic to the additives and chemicals of the products so began to study about nutritional facts in much more detail. This helped her to learn about the similar problems from which other too suffered (Lepoutre, Justo, Terjesen and Bosma 2013). Gooch to help the community started to explore the way of healthy eating and tried to propagate the same knowledge among the other people. The first step that was made is that she began to consult the chemists, biologists, herbalists and cosmologists regarding the facts on wholesome food, diet and allergens (Bridge and O'Neill 2012). After inculcating knowledge on nutrition, she was eager to utilise through performing business. In her business, she has collaborated with a friend of her who was already managing a health store. The first store was opened in Los Angeles. The business helped in getting larger amount of customers to the store which helped, in gathering popularity. This reflected Mrs. Gooch was a successful entrepreneur. Mrs Gooch wanted to increase the sales of healthy foods items among the people of the society. The mission was however affected due to the shortage in cash. There was poor management due to problems related to cash flow. Gooch wanted more of inventories for meeting the demand. Both Gooch and her partner were cash deficient. The banks were also not providing ant type of investment for a grocery business that was run by women. However, she has shown the high demand for her products still did not stir the intention of the banks. This is the reason Mrs Gooch has kept the cost low so that it does not affect the demand. This has helped her to keep a fair amount of demand. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is intangible nature. IPR will help in giving the creator an excusive right over the use of her creation for a particular time. Mrs Gooch with the IPR was getting a hand over the product that is sold by her. Since her company is just a start up so there is a need for excelling and protecting business. Every type of a business uses the logo, brand, trade name, design , invention , website and products where they use valuable IP rights (Kelley, Singer and Herrington 2012) . This needs to be followed by Mrs Gooch as well so that she is able to compete with the outside world. The company that is being started by Mrs Gooch must not violate the IP rights. The start-up by Mrs Gooch must be proactive in protecting and developing intellectual property right (McKenzie and Woodruff 2013). The primary areas in which the intellectual property is of utmost importance are trademarks, patents, copyrights, industrial design and trade secrets all this needs to be con sidered. There were inherent entrepreneurial skills of Mrs Gooch, which she used it for opening a healthy food store. Opening of the store was an outcome of the allergy to chemicals that she faced during her illness. She was interested in serving the society in all possible ways so she took this initiative. There were many other options of business open to her for conducting business. There was an option for her to bring out medicines and creams that would help the people affected chemicals to cure it very easily (Butler 2012). This will help her to serve the society and educate the people who are visiting her on the affects of the chemicals and ways of recovering from it. The medicines are manufactured after she has gained thorough knowledge from the cosmologist, chemists and biologists. When there is an incorporation of more number of insiders on the board as Gooch has done during the development of the company there will be a larger share of equity enjoyed by board of directors and the partners. The mission of the entrepreneur will be diverted towards with the presence of the entrepreneurs (Martin, McNally and Kay 2013). In the 1990s, she faced some opinion from the board to widen the scope of the product through the inclusion of alcohol. This has made her more stressful and she longer wanted to continue in the environment. In order to save the brand name, the immediate solution that she took was of selling the company to Whole Foods market. Mrs Gooch realised that it was ready to handover the company to safe hands. References: Bridge, S. and O'Neill, K., 2012.Understanding enterprise: Entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan. Butler, J.S., 2012.Entrepreneurship and self-help among black Americans: A reconsideration of race and economics. SUNY Press. Kelley, D.J., Singer, S. and Herrington, M., 2012. The global entrepreneurship monitor.2011 Global Report, GEM 2011,7. Lepoutre, J., Justo, R., Terjesen, S. and Bosma, N., 2013. Designing a global standardized methodology for measuring social entrepreneurship activity: the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor social entrepreneurship study.Small Business Economics,40(3), pp.693-714. Martin, B.C., McNally, J.J. and Kay, M.J., 2013. Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes.Journal of Business Venturing,28(2), pp.211-224. McKenzie, D. and Woodruff, C., 2013. What are we learning from business training and entrepreneurship evaluations around the developing world?.The World Bank Research Observer, p.lkt007.

Developmental Defects of Teeth Essay Example

Developmental Defects of Teeth Paper developmental defects of teeth with recent genetic concepts INTRODUCTION: Disorders of development of teeth may be prenatal or postnatal in origin and may be inherited or acquired. Their recognition and evaluation requires a thorough knowledge and evaluation of the normal chronology of the human dentition and of the normal development and structure of the teeth. Disorders of development of teeth of teeth may be due to abnormalities in the differentiation of the dental lamina and the tooth germs, causing anomalies in the number, size and form of teeth (abnormalities of morphodifferentiation) or to abnormalities in the formation of the dental hard tissues resulting in disturbances in tooth structure (abnormalities of histodifferentiation). Abnormalities of histodifferentiation occur at a later stage in development than abnormalities of morphodifferentiation; in some disorders both stages are abnormal. Histophysiology of tooth development: A number of physiologic growth processes participate in the progressive development of the teeth. These are – 1. Initiation The dental lamina and associated tooth buds represent those parts of the oral epithelium that have the potential for tooth development. Different teeth are initiated at different times. Initiation induction requires ectomesenchymal epithelial interaction. A lack of initiation results in the absence of either a single or multiple teeth or complete lack of teeth. Abnormal initiation may result in the development of single or multiple supernumerary teeth. 2. Proliferation We will write a custom essay sample on Developmental Defects of Teeth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Developmental Defects of Teeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Developmental Defects of Teeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Enhanced proliferative activity after initiation results successively in the bud, cap and bell stages of the odontogenic organ. Proliferative growth causes regular changes in the size and proportions of the growing tooth germ. A disturbance has entirely different effects according to the time of occurrence and the stage of development that it affects. Tooth anomalies may include disturbances in the size, proportion or number of teeth 3. Histodifferentiation It succeeds the proliferative stage. The formative cells of the tooth germ developing during the proliferative stage undergo definite morphologic as well as functional assignment. Differentiation of odontoblasts and ameloblasts takes place resulting the formation and apposition of enamel and dentin. Disturbance is the stage results in defects in the structure of tooth like amelogensis imperfecta type 1 and 4. 4. Morphodifferentiation The morphologic pattern or basic form and relative size of the future tooth are established by morphodifferentiation that is by differential growth. Dentinoenamel junction and dentinocemental junctions are established. Disturbances in morphodifferentiation may affect the form and size of the tooth without impairing the function of the ameloblasts or odontoblasts. 5. Appposition It is the deposition of the matrix of the hard dental structures. Defects in apposition results in anomalies like amelogenesis imperfecta type 2, dentin dysplasia. 6. Mineralization and Maturation After matrix formation full mineralization and dental hard tissue maturation. Anomalies like amelogensis imperfecta type 3, fluorosis and interglobular dentin. CLASSIFICATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH 1. Anomalies of initiation and proliferation anomalies of number hypodontia and anodontia hyperdontia anomalies of size Microdontia Macrodontia anomalies of shape Germination Fusion Concrescence 2. Anomalies of morphodifferentiation anomalies of size and shape Dilacerations Dens invaginatus Dens evaginatus Taurodontism Talon cusp 3. Anomalies of histodifferentiation enamel defect Amelogensis imperfecta type I dentin defect Dentinogensis impefecta type I,II,III 4. Anomalies of apposition enamel defects Amelogensis imperfecta type II, IV Enamel hypoplasia Enamel pearl dentin defec ts Dentin dysplasia Regional odontodysplasia cementum defects Hypercementosis Hypophophatasia 5. Anomalies of mineralization enamel defects Amelogenesis imperfecta type III Enamel fluorosis Anomalies of initiation and proliferation Development disturbances in number a. ypodontia and anodontia True anodontia or congential absence of teeth may be of two types Total anodontia – in which all teeth are missing. It may involve both deciduous and permanent teeth. It is a rare condition when it occurs it is frequently associated with generalized disturbances, hereditary ectodermal dysplasia. Partial anodontia (hypodontia or oligodontia) Hypodontia when there is lack of development of one or more teeth Oligodontia is a subdivision of hypodontia indicating the lack of development of six or more teeth. An incidence of 1. 5 – 10% is seen excluding 3rd molars in permanent dentition and . 09 . % for primary dentition. Most frequently affected teeth are 3rd molars, mandibular 2nd premolar, maxillary lateral incisor and maxillary 2nd premolar. In case of deciduous dentition usually maxillary lateral incisor are missing. According to Grahen and Granath there is a close correlation between congenitally missing deciduous teeth and their permanent successors suggesting a genetic factor. A familial tendency for this defect is noted. Graber reported enough evidence that it is actually the result of one or more point mutations most often transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Some investigators implied that hypodontia is a normal variant suggesting that humans are in an intermediate stage of dentitional evolution. A proposed future dentition would include one incisor, one canine, one premolar and two molars per quadrant. Hypodontia correlates with the absence of appropriate dental lamina. Mostly this is due to genetic alteration. However, environmental factors like trauma, infection, radiation and endocrine disturbance may also result in loss of developing tooth bud. Hypodontia is associated positively with microdontia, reduced alveolar development, increase free way space and retained primary teeth. Pax 9 gene maps to chromosome 14, it encodes a transcription function that is important in the development of pharyngeal pouches. Its mutation may lead to congenitally missing teeth. Syndromes associated with hypodontia: cleft lip/palate crouzon syndrome down syndrome hyphidrotic ectodermal dysplasia ellis van crevald syndrome oro facial digital syndrome b. hyperdontia it is the development of an increase number of teeth. Genetics of hyperdontia suggests an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with incomplete penetrance. The variable expression and penetrance of the gene may be affected by the environmental factors. The development of hyperdontia is development of excess dental lamina which leads to formation of additional teeth. An incidence of . 3-3% and a male to female ratio of 2:1 is noted. It occurs most frequently in permanent dentition and approximately 90% of cases present in maxilla with a strong predilection for the anterior region. Terms used to describe supernumerary tooth depending on their location i. Mesiodens is located in the maxillary incisor resion. It is the most common supernumerary. ii. Distodens/ distomloar is the accessory fourth molar iii. Paramolar is a posterior supernumerary tooth situated lingually or buccally to a molar tooth. Classification based on morphology In the primary dentition morphology is usually normal or conical. Greater variety is seen in case of permanent dentition Conical is a small peg shaped conical tooth and is the most common supernumerary. It develops with root formation ahead or at an equivalent stage to that of permanent incisor. It can result in rotation or displacement of the permanent incisor but rarely delays eruption. Tuberculate possess more than one cusp or tubercle and is barrel shaped. Root formation is delayed as compared to permanent incisors. They are often paired and are commonly located on the palatal aspect of the central incisors. It results in delayed eruption of the incisors. Supplemental refers to a duplication of teeth on the normal series and is usually found at the end of the tooth series. Most commonly permanent maxillary lateral incisor is the supplemental supernumerary. Majority of the deciduous supernumeraries are of this type. Odontome is listed as the fourth category by Howard. It is a hamartomoatous malformation nd is composed of more than one type of tissue called composite odontoma. Mainly two types are there complex and compound. Syndromes associated with hyperdontia 1. cleft lip/palate 2. cleidocranial dysplasia 3. gardner syndrome 4. oro facial digital syndrome Developmental disturbances in size of tooth a. microdontia – teeth which are smaller than normal. Females demonstrates a higher a frequency of microdontia and hypodontia. Thre e types are True generalized microdontia in this all the teeth are smaller than normal. It is seen in cases of piutatry dwarfism, Down syndrome, congenital heart diseases. Relative generalized microdontia normal slightly smaller teeth present in the jaws larger than normal producing an illusion of microdontia. Role of hereditary as jaws are inherited from one aren’t and tooth size from other parent. Microdontia involving single tooth is common condition affects maxillary lateral incisors and 3rd molar most commonly. b. macrodontia – teeth that are larger than normal. Three types similar to that microdontia True generalized macrodontia all teeth are large. Seen in cases of pituitary gigantism and pineal hyperplasia with hyperinulinism. Relative generalized macrodontia presence of normal teeth in similar jaw giving an illusion of macrodontia Macrodontia of single tooth relatively uncommon. Occasionally seen in cases of hemihypertrophy of the face. Should not be confu sed with fusion of teeth. Development disturbances of shape of teeth a. germination – anomalies which arise from an attempt at division of single tooth germ by an invagination with resultant incomplete or complete formation of teeth. Incidence of . 5% is seen and it more common in primary dentition. Higher frequency in maxillary anterior region. It may retard eruption of permanent successor. Usually appear as one with two completely or incompletely separated crowns that have a single root and root canals. Twining production of equivalent structure by divisions resulting in one normal and one supernumerary tooth. Etiology is unknown although a genetic basis has been suggested. b. fusion – union of two normally separated tooth germs. Depending upon the stage of development of the teeth at the time of the union. More common in the deciduous than in the permanent dentition. Union by dentin, separate pulp chambers/ canals. May retard eruption of permanent successor. . concrescence – form of fusion which occurs after root formation. Teeth are united by cementum only. As a result of traumatic injury or crownding of teeth with resorption of the interdental bone. More frequently in the posterior and maxillary region. Anomalies of morphodiferentiation Anomalies of size and shape a. dilaceration: An angulation or a sharp bend or curve in the root or crown of a formed tooth. Due to trauma during the period in which the tooth is forming, with the result that the position of the calcified portion of the tooth is changed and the remainder of the tooth is formed at an angle. Syndrome associated with dilaceration. Lamellar ichthyosis. Present difficulty at the time of extraction. b. dens invaginatus: dens in dente It is a deep surface invagination of the crown or root that is lined enamel. Results due to invagination in the surface of tooth crown before calcification has occurred. This can be due to increased localized external pressure focal growth retardation and focal growth stimulation in certain areas of the tooth buds. The permanent maxillary lateral incisors are the teeth most frequently involved. Two forms are usually seen as Coronal dens in dente – more frequent prevalence varies from . 4% to 10%. Depth of iinvagination varies from a slight enlargement of the cingulum pit to deep infolding that extends to the apex. Radicular dens in dente – rare and thought to arise secondary to proliferation of hertwig’s root sheath with the formation of a strip of enamel that extends along the surface of the root. Radiographiclaly the affec ted tooth demonstrates an enlargement of the tooth. It chances of caries and pulp infection. c. dens evaginatus – Leong’s premolar it is a developmental condition that appears clinically as an accessory cusp or a globule of enamel on the occlusal surface between the buccal and lingual cusps. Unilaterally or bilaterally with an increased mandibular predominance. Pathogenesis is the proliferation and evagination of an area of the inner enamel epithelium and subjacent odontogenic mesenchyme in to the dental organ during early tooth development. If seen in association with another varaiton of coronal anatomy. Shovel shaped incisors affected incisors demonstrate prominent lateral margins, creating a hollowed lingual surface. Maxillary incisor is the most commonly affected. This extra cusp may contribute to incomplete eruption, displacement of teeth and/or pulp exposure with subsequent infection following occlusal wear or fracture. . taurodontism – it is an enlargement of the body and pulp chamber of multirooted tooth with apical displacement of the pulpal floor and bifurcation of the roots. Overall shape of the taurodont resembles that of the molar teeth of cud chewing animals â€Å"bull like† Shaw classified taurodont teeth into 3 division according to the degr ee of apical displacement of pulpal floor hypotaurodont (mild) mesotaurodont (moderate) hypertaurodont (severe) may occur as an isolated trait or as a component of specific conditions like 1. klinfilter’s syndrome . amelogenesis imperfecta 3. orofacial digital syndrome 4. hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia 5. tricho dento osseous syndrome 6. down syndrome It is seen that taurodontism may develop in presence of any one of a large number of different genetic alterations. These findings suggest that chromosomal abnormalities may disrupt the development of the tooth form and that taurodontism is not the result of any specific genetic abnormality e. talon’s cusp – Is also known as dens evginatus of the anterior teeth. It is a well delineated cusp that is located on the surface of an anterior tooth. Predominantly affects permanent dentition esp maxillary lateral incisors. It projects from the lingual surface of the affected tooth and forms a three pronged pattern that resembles an eagle’s talon. The cusp blends smoothly with the tooth except that there is a deep development groove where the cusp blends with the sloping lingual tooth surface. It is associated with other dental abnormalities like supernumearary teeth, odontomas, impacted teeth; peg shaped lateral incisors and dens invaginatus. It is also associated with other syndromes like Rubinstein Tyabi syndrome Sturge Weber syndrome. Complications like interference with occlusion, comprised esthetics, displacement of teeth, caries, periodontal problems and irritation of the adjacent soft tissue may occur. ANOMALIES OF HISTODIFFERENTIATION Enamel defects a. Amelogenesis imperfecta type I AI is a heritable enamel defect in the absence of any systemic disease. Reported incidence varies from 1:14000 to 1:4000. Multiple inheritance patterns are noted. It may differentiated into 4 main groups depending on the clinical presentation and the likely stage of enamel formation that is primarily affectes. hypoplatic hypocalcified hypomature hypomature hypoplastic with taurodontism Each group is further subdivided into several subgroups depending on the mode of inheritance as well as the clinical appearance of the defective enamel. Genetic studies – have shown that etiology of AI is related to the alteration of genes involved in the process of formation and maturation of the enamel. X linked AI has shown the defectiv e gene is closely linked to the locus DXS85 at Xp22. this site has been identified as the general location of the human gene amelogenin the principal protein in the developing enamel. In the case of autosomal dominant type of AI the locus of the defective gene is on the ch 4q21 to which enamel protein enamelin maps. AI type I Hypoplatic The basic alteration centers an inadequate deposition of enamel matrix. Any matrix present is mineralized appropriately. Subgroups (Witkop 1989) I A – hypoplastic, pitted AD I B – hypoplastic, local AD I C – hypoplastic, local AR I D – hypoplastic, smooth AD I E – hypoplastic, smooth XR I F – hypoplastic, rough Ad I G – enamel agenesis, AR Clinical feature: In the generalized pattern pinpoint to pinhead sized pits are scattered across the surface of the teeth. Buccal surfaces of the teeth are affected and staining of these pits may occur In the localized pattern, the affected demonstrate horizontal rows of pits a linear depression. The altered area is located in the middle third of the buccal surface of teeth. The type IC is more severe and typically demonstrate involvement of all teeth in both dentitions In type ID the enamel of all teeth exhibits a smooth surface and is thin hard and glossy Anterior open bite is seen and teeth exhibit a thin peripheral outline of radiopaque enamel on radiograph In type IE this is a lesion showing lionization effect. In females the teeth would exhibit alternating zones of normal and abnormal enamel. Males exhibit diffuse thin, smooth and shiny enamel in both dentitions. The teeth have the shape of crown formation with open contacts. In the rough pattern, the enamel is thin, hard and rough surfaces. An anterior open bite is common. In enamel agenesis demonstrate total lack of enamel. The teeth are the shape and color of the dentin. The surface is rough. Dentin defects b. Dentinogenesis imprfecta A hereditary developmental disturbance of the denitn in the absence of any systemic disorder. This is an autosomal dominant condition affecting both deciduous and permanent teeth. Affected teeth are gray to yellowish brown and are tulip shaped. Genetic studies show that the gene defective maps to chromosome 4 in case of type II. It encodes a protein called dentin sialophosphoprotein and constitutes about 50% of the noncolllagenous component of dentin matrix. DI type I is due to mutational changes in gene coding pro alpha 1, pro alpha 2 chains of type I collagen, major protein of organic matrix in bone and dentin. Recent studies report that type II and type III arise from a single mutation of DSPP gene and that these are not separate disease but rather phenotypic variation of a single disease. Acc. to Sheild’s classification DI type I – osteogenesis imperfecta with opalescent teeth DI type II – isolated opalescent teeth DI type III – isolated opalescent teeth Brandywine Extensive studies have proven that DI is a disorder distinct from Osteogenesis imperfects so a revised classification is proposed DI type I corresponds to type II of Sheild’s Type II corresponds to type III of Sheild’s There is no substitute for type I of Sheild’s classification Clinical and radiographic features deciduous teeth are affected most severely followed by the permanent incisors and first molars enamel is normal but separates easily from dentin because of defective dentinoenamel junction once exposed the dentin often demonstrates significantly accelerated attrition radiographically, the teeth have bulbous crowns cervical constriction thin roots and early obliteration of the root canals and pulp chambers. Type III has shell teeth demonstrating normal thickness enamel in association with extremely thin dentin and dramatically enlarged pulps Histologic features The dentin adjacent to the enamel junction appears similar to normal dentin but the remainder is distinctly abnormal Short tubules course through an atypical granular dentin matrix which often demonstrates interglobular calcificaiton. Cells can be seen entrapped within the defective dentin Anomalies of apposition Enamel defects a. amelogenesis imperfecta type II IV AI type II – hypomaturation the enamel matrix is laid down appropriately and begins to mineralize however there is a defect in the maturation of the enamel crystal structure Classified into Type IIA – hypomaturation, pigmented AR Type IIB – hypomaturation, X linked recessive Type IIC – snow capped teeth, AD Genetic studies show that multiple mutations in the AMELX gene in the type IIA AI whereas IIA C the gene defect is unknown. Clinical features Affected teeth are normal in shape but exhibit a mottled, opaque white brown yellow discoloration. The enamel is softer than normal and tends to chip from the underlying dentin. Radiographically the affected enamel exhibits a radiodensity that is similar to that of dentin. Type IIA the surface enamel is mottles and agar brown. Enamel is soft enough to be punctures by an explorer Type IIB shows lionization that is male exhibit differebti pattern in deciduous and permanent teeth. The deciduous teeth are opaque white with a translucent mottling; the permanent teeth are opaque and may darken with age. Female patients exhibit a similar pattern in both dentitions. The teeth demonstrate vertical bands of white opaque enamel and normal translucent enamel. Radiographically the bands are not perceptible. Type IIC exhibits a zone of white opaque enamel on the incisal or occlusal third of the crown. AI type IV – hypomaturation hypoplastic with taurodontism This type of Ai exhibit enamel hypoplasia in combination with hypomaturation. Classified into Type IV A hypomaturation hypoplastic Type IVB hypoplastic hypomaturation Genetic defects in both groups is unknown Type IV A the predominant defect is one of enamel hypomaturation in ehich the enamel appears mottled yellowish white to yellow brown. Pits are seen frequently on the buccal surface of the teeth. Radiographically the enamel is similar to dentin in density and large pulp chambers may be seen in addition to varying degree of taurodontism Type IVB the predominant defect is one of enamel hypoplasia in which the enamel is thin; the enamel that is present demonstrates hypomaturation. Radiographically there is decrease in the thickness of the enamel. Both these types are seen in the systemic disorders, trich dento osseous syndrome. Other features seen are kinky hair, osteosclerosis and brittle nails. b. enamel pearl Refers to the presence of enamel in unusual locations mainly the tooth root. These are hemispheric structures that may consist entirely of enamel or contain underlying dentin and pulp tissue. These are thought to arise from a localized bulging of the odontoblastic layer. This bulge may provide prolonged contact between Hertwig’s root sheath and the developing dentin, triggering induction of enamel formation. t is found most frequently on the roots of maxillary molars. The enamel pearls precludes normal PDL attachment with CT. Dentin defects c. dentin dysplasia It is a rare disturbance of dentin formation characterized by normal enamel but atypical dentin formation with abnormal pulpal pathology. It is an abnormality that maps to the same site on ch 4 as does DI type II III. It too may be an allelic variant. Cl assified into Type I radicular dentin dysplasia Type II coronal dentin dysplasia Both these patterns appear to be hereditary diseases, transmitted as an autosomal dominant characteristic. Clinical features Type I both dentitions are affected although the teeth are clinically normal. The teeth are extremely mobile and exfoliated prematurely Type II both dentitions are affected. Deciduous teeth have the same color as that in DI but the permanent dentition is normal. Type I both dentitions roots are short blunt and conical. In deciduous pulp chambers and root canals are completely obliterated. Permanent teeth crescent shaped pulpal remanant remains. Periapical radiolucencies involving intact teeth are present. Type II deciduous dentition presents with completely obliterated pulp chambers. Permanent teeth exhibit an abnormal large pulp chamber in the coronal portion. Histologic features Type I a portion of coronal dentin is normal. Most of the pulp is obliterated by calcified tubular dentin, osteodentin and fused denticles. New dentin forms around these obstacles giving the characteristic appearance described as Lava flowing around the boulders. Type II deciduous tee th exhibit amorphous and atubular dentin in the radicular portion while coronal dentin is normal. Permanent teeth same but the pulp has multiple pulp stones. d. regional odontodysplasia It is a localized non hereditary development abnormality of teeth with extensive adverse effects on the formation of enamel, dentin and pulp. Proposed causes abnormal migration of neural crest cells latent virus local circulatory deficiency local trauma or infection hyperpyrexia malnutrition radiation therapy somatic mutation pathosis associated with RO ectodermal dysplasia epidermal nevi hypophosphatasia hydrocephalus neurofibromatosis Rh incompatibility Vascular nevi Clinical features maxillary teeth esp anterior are most commonly affected female predilection with a ratio of 1. 4:1 the affected teeth fail to erupt and their shape is markedly altered the erupted teeth show small irregular crown that is yellow to brown with rough surface on x ray they have a very thin enamel and dentin surrounding an enlarged radiolucent pulp There is lack of contrast between enamel and dentin. Histologic features marked reduction in the amount of dentin and widening of predentin layer presence of large areas of interglobular dentin and an irregular pattern if dentin the reduced enamel epithelium around nonerupted teeth show many irregular calcified bodies known as enameloid conglomerates (also seen in AI) e. hypercementosis It is a nonneoplastic deposition of excessive cementum that is continous with normal radicular cementum Clinical and radiographic features in x ray affected teeth demonstrate a thickening or blunting od the root the enlarged root is surrounded by the radiolucent PDL space and intact dental lamina may be isolated or involve many teeth premolars are involved more frequently predominantly in adults and the frequency increases with age factors associated with hypercemntosis i. local 1. abnormal occlusal trauma 2. adjacent inflammation 3. unopposed teeth ii. systemic 1. acromegaly 2. arthritis 3. alcinosis 4. paget’s disease 5. rheumatic fever Histologic features periphery of root exhibits deposition of an excessive amount of cementum this may be hypocellular or ostecementum the material is arranged in concentric layers Anomalies of mineralization a. amelogenesis imperfecta type III hypocalcifeid in this type the enamel matrix is laid down appropriately but no significant mineralization occurs. Classified into Type III A – autosomal dominant Type IIIB – autosomal recessive In both gene defect is unknown. Most common type of AI. Teeth are norma on eruption but the enamel is very soft and easily lost. Enamel is yellow brown on eruption and turns to brown black due to staining. Autosomal recessive are more severe than the dominant type. Radiographically the density is similar for both enamel and dentin. CONCLUSION An understanding of the many disturbances of development of teeth is predicated upon s thorough understanding of the embryology of these structures. Genetic factors are undoubtedly of importance in the development of these defects. REFERENCE: ? Oral pathology by Shafer ? Oral pathology by Somes and Southam ? Oral maxillofacial pathology by Naville ? Developmental defects of teeth by www. UNC DENTISTRY. com ? Oral histology by Orban’s ? Oral histology by Tencates ? Normal and abnormal dental development- by Isabelle Miletich Paul T. Sharpe Human Molecular Genetics, 2003. ? Mouse models of tooth abnormalities Eur J Oral Sci 2008; 116: 1–10

Emily Dickinson - Im Ceded #508 Essays - American Christians

Emily Dickinson - I'm Ceded #508 Saying Goodbye Upon a first reading of Emily Dickinson's poem's I found them very difficult to understand due to her unique style of writing. Once I was able to comprehend the general theme of her poems, they became clearer with profound meaning. Dickinson's writing style, leaving words absent and not completing sentences, allows the reader to fill in the gaps through reflection of their own life and experiences. Dickinson writes from experiences that have occurred in and around her life, her writing technique requires the reader to delve deep into their soul to apply the meaning that will bring a feeling of peace and understanding. Poem #508 speaks to the heart of every woman who has endured the bittersweet challenges of entering adulthood. Dickinson employs a female speaker to describe the emotions a woman faces leaving her childhood behind to enter adulthood and deciding whether to marry. There is sadness and resignation in the tone of the speaker. Aware she cannot remain under the security of her parents forever, she must decide to marry or become a spinster. Having limited opportunities as a woman in the nineteenth century, she is aware her most sensible choice is to marry. In the first stanza, the speaker's sadness is evident when she states, I'm ceded- I've stopped being Theirs- (1), implying that being given up to marriage, she is losing her identity she obtained through her parents. In order to become betrothed, she must exchange her family name for her husband's name, thus severing the bond she shares with her parents. The second stanza continues the sad tone as the speaker laminates, And They can put it with my Dolls, My Childhood, and the string of spools, I've finished threading-too- (5-7). Her sadness at this point is the result of leaving all of her childhood dreams and trifles behind and giving up her family name, to enter her new life, as a wife. As her new life will take her in another direction, she no longer has room for the things that brought her pleasure as a child. Spiritual faith is prominent in the third stanza. It is apparent the speaker is to be married in a church before the eyes of God as she has chosen unlike when she was Baptized, before, without the choice, (8) as an infant. Having the knowledge of her faith and what is expected of her as she reaches maturity, she dons her small Diadem (13), which is the symbol of her transformation from child to married woman. Sadness and resignation seem to be the focus of the fourth and final stanza. The speaker A half unconscious Queen- (16) does not see her life as a wife evolving beyond what her life as a child had. Having been under the control of her parents, her decision to marry will result in her being under the control of her husband. Fully aware of her prospects if she were to chose the alternative, she resigns herself to her decision as she states, And I choose, just a Crown. (19) Although this poem runs only nineteen lines, Dickinson has successfully and eloquently revealed the sadness women endure from having to resign themselves to the fact they have only one true option in life once maturity is attained, marriage. Poetry Essays

Animal Experimentation Essays - Animal Welfare, Animal Testing

Animal Experimentation Essays - Animal Welfare, Animal Testing Animal Experimentation Use medicines that were tested on animals, or die? With the discovery of new medicines physicians, based on their research,we can predict the possible outcome or effect the medicine may possibly have. However, success is not guaranteed. Experiments must be done, but on whom? There is only a limited amount of reliable testers that scientist may use to conduct their experiments. Two of the most reliable testers include humans and animals. For many centuries scientists have experimented on animals, and it is still being done in order to maintain a healthier human population (Dixon). New medicines are being discovered throughout the year, and billions of lives are also beings saved thanks to the development of medicines discovered. Animals have helped our society grow and prosper. If it were not for them, the sick would not regain their health. Although many people do not agree with experimentation on animals, we should continue to test on animals in order to find a cure for diseases. From a baby to an adult, animal testing is used in everyday products (to the Pampers babies wear, to the Johnson and Johnson babies are washed with). In fact, there are an estimated 30 million animals used in experiments for our everyday products (?Update: Animal Testing?). According to Issues According to Thomas Dixon, the ?reduction of human suffering is our first priority and the prevention of animal suffering or death is secondary to that (although still important)? . Although animal testing is a good investment to our future, many people think of it as cruel and unusual punishment and are determined to put a stop to it. People like Thomas Dixon argue animals ?have the rights to be treated as beings of value in themselves, not as the means to human ends?. While some despise the idea of testing on animals, others urge animal experimentation to continue if it is the means to greater ends to human suffering. According to Cosmetics International, ?Certain [industries] have announced that they have stopped all animal testing, while others claim to be doing very little? (French say no). Not only are national cosmetic industries putting a stop to animal testing, but many animal right groups are also. Protesters claim that animal testing is a vile way to advance knowledge (?Animal Testing?). They also say that ?humans should treat animals with respect? (Update: Animal Testing). Even though people strongly disagree that animals are needed to be tested for the benefit of mankind, it is unavoidable. Despite the fact that some industries have put a stop to it to test their products, many scientists will still co ntinue to test on animals if the results will create a healthier life for all humans in the near future. Even though protesters argue that animals are not the only available option for testing, scientists disagree. According to most scientists, there is not a wide variety of substitutions to animal testing (?Update: Animal Testing?). Until there is an alternative to a possible tester, animals are our only option. Many people agree that the use of animals is lamentable but inevitable. There is a vast majority of societies that still continue to eat and wear animal products, including milk, eggs, meat, leather shoes, and belts (?Animal Testing?). Many of these individuals may not consider giving up these everyday products even if it means saving animals? lives, so why should there be a stop to animal testing if there is a

45 year old male diagnosed with metabolic syndrome Essay

45 year old male diagnosed with metabolic syndrome - Essay Example at take place in the body of patients over time is very important in giving very accurate symptomatic diagnosis that is focused on the giving very specific and efficient management and treatment plans. This paper is dedicated to outlining some of the major forms of pathophysiology changes that take place in the blood vessels of patients over time. This shall be done with specific emphasis on all known aspects of the pathophysiology of Type 2 DM. The rationale behind this approach is that different aspects of the pathophysiology of Type 2 DM come about as a result of changing pathological and physical processes that are take place in the blood vessels of patients over time. Once the right form of management model is given, it is possible to suppress some aspects of the pathophysiology from taking place. In the current case, the 45 year old patient who has been recently diagnosed with Type 2 DM has been noted to have a history of metabolic syndrome. Despite the fact that Type 2 DM is naturally associated with high blood sugar level, the patient is actually suspicion of the fact that his situation with high blood sugar level could be something that was there as a result of the metabolic syndrome. This makes it important to find the relationship between metabolic syndrome and diabetes and find a link between their pathophysiology. Beckman, Creager and Libby (2009) indicated that metabolic syndrome and diabetes indeed have very close relation in terms of both physical and pathological conditions that makes it important to put patients with metabolic syndrome on the lookout for diabetes. This is because patients with metabolic syndrome exhibit a disorder in their energy utilization and storage, which comes about as a result of a number of medical conditions. But because the conversion a nd usage of the energy within the body could trigger a saturated concentration of blood sugar, the chance of developing Type 2 DM has been pegged at four times higher for patients with